Glass vs. carbon fiber 3D printing composites

Glass vs carbon fiber composite 3D printing materials hero

David Durbin

Applications

Both glass and carbon fiber composites extend the versatility of fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing by enhancing a part's mechanical properties.

For example, by using glass or carbon fiber composite materials on a compatible 3D printer (like the Ultimaker S5 Pro Bundle or Ultimaker S3), you can quickly and affordably produce high-strength parts that:

Validate geometries
Optimize designs
Reduce weight
Consolidate assemblies
Test prototypes that will be injection molded
Replace metal components

But which composite 3D printing materials should you choose in the first place?

Choosing the right composite 3D printing material is key to the success of your application — Choosing the right fiberglass or carbon fiber composite is key to the success of your 3D printing application

After all, both glass and carbon fiber filaments can end up having similar mechanical properties in a 3D printed part.

This is especially true when leading materials companies (like those whose print settings profiles are downloadable via the Ultimaker Cura Marketplace) can boost various properties by tweaking:

Base polymer choice (e.g. ABS, nylon, polycarbonate)
Base polymer mix (e.g. ABS + polycarbonate)
Fiber length (e.g. long or chopped, short or milled)
Fiber fill percentage (e.g. 20% glass fiber)
And many more variables...

So why would you choose one fiber over the other?

Glass vs. carbon fiber composites – which is the winner?

Roger Sijlbing, Head of Sales at BASF 3D Print Solutions Additive Extrusion Systems, told us:

There are a lot of considerations to determine which material fits the application. Even within for example automotive, both [glass and carbon fiber composite] materials could fit. It depends on the requirements of the application and the total cost of ownership.

So, to guide your material choice based on the requirements of your 3D printing applications here's an at-a-glance list to show which composite (generally) wins for different 3D printing requirements:

Requirement	Winner?
More affordable	Glass fiber
Tensile strength	Carbon fiber
Stiffness	Carbon fiber
Durability	Glass fiber
Flexibility	Glass fiber
Low weight	Carbon fiber
Heat resistant	Both
Chemical resistant	Both
Fatigue resistant	Carbon fiber
UV-light resistant	Both
ESD safe potential	Carbon fiber
Electrical conductivity potential	Carbon fiber
Allows radio wave passthrough	Glass fiber
Multiple colors available	Glass fiber

That might be useful if any of those properties are a priority for your application.

But what if there’s still no clear choice between glass and carbon fiber for your 3D printing needs? Then, there are a few more considerations to inform your choice.

To understand these, let’s dig deeper into the manufacturing processes involved...

How glass and carbon fibers are made

Glass fiber

Glass fibers began to be commercially produced in 1936. In fact, the material's invention led to the partnership known today as Owens Corning.

Glass fibers are made by melting silica to remove impurities. The liquid glass is then extruded through a heated metal plate with small holes – called a bushing. While the glass strings are cooled from around 1,200 °C with water and air, they are stretched into thin fibers as they are pulled onto a winder.

Owens Corning is a glass fiber specialist developing the composite filament XSTRAND — Owens Corning created two glass fiber composite filaments, XSTRAND®. Their predefined print settings are downloadable via Ultimaker Marketplace

Carbon fiber

Carbon fiber’s manufacturing process takes place at a molecular level. Despite the material's higher price tag, its rigidity and excellent strength-to-weight ratio have made carbon fiber the composite additive of choice for lightweight automotive and aerospace applications.

Starting life as a liquid polyacrylonitrile precursor, the fibrous mix of carbon atoms is then oxidized at around 300 °C to stop fibers from melting together. Then it is carbonized in an oxygen-free oven at temperatures of up to 1,000 °C. This process causes atoms to fuse and then expel any impurities, resulting in pure carbon atoms in very rigid strings.

Afterwards, carbon fiber strings pass through a surface treatment bath to etch the surface of the carbon. This makes the carbon strings more resilient and better able to stick to coating chemicals.

Coating, chopping, or milling fibers for use with 3D printing filament

Technically known as 'sizing', coating chemicals (like polyurethane, epoxy, or glycerin) allow the inert glass or carbon fibers to more easily interface with the polymer it will be mixed with. By matching the chemistry of that polymer, the coating strengthens the adhesive bond.

Fibers are usually coated when they will be cut or 'chopped' into lengths of up to 7 mm. The result is a composite 3D printing material that is reinforced by ‘long fibers’ that weave together within the polymer matrix.

But not all carbon and glass fiber used in 3D printing filament is coated.

The manufacturing process for each glass or carbon fiber composite affects the mechanical properties of the 3D printed material — The manufacturing process for each glass or carbon fiber composite affects the 3D printed materials' mechanical properties

While not coating or using a lower-quality coating might be a reason a composite material is less expensive, it can also be a legitimate choice.

That's especially true if the fibers will be milled into a fine powder, also known as 'short fibers'. Between 30 to 150 microns in length, these fibers have a large surface area making coating less necessary. In this case, the composite filament would more accurately be described as 'filled' (rather than 'reinforced') with carbon or glass fiber.

This approach of not coating milled fibers is not necessarily a bad thing. It just results in different material properties. Instead of being stiffer and stronger, the composite material will likely be more durable and impact-resistant.

After coating, chopping, or milling, the fibers are mixed with the base polymer(s) to create a composite material that can then be extruded into 3D printer filament.

This final filament extrusion is important because it's here that the long glass or carbon fibers become orientated within the polymer matrix. Running along the length of the filament, they create a weaving effect that provides extra strength for a 3D printed part. (This orientation is the reason why FFF 3D printers can extrude filament with up to 7 mm long fibers, through a 0.4 or 0.6 mm nozzle.)

Be confident in your choice of composite material by understanding how manufacturers ensure high quality — Glass or carbon fibers up to 7 mm in length reinforce filament that can be extruded through Ultimaker print core CC Red's 0.6 mm nozzle

How to choose between different composite materials

With so many things in life, you get what you pay for. And composite 3D printing materials are no different

Composite materials from smaller filament companies may be more affordable. But because they don't necessarily specialize in the material science used to develop the composite, these companies might buy ready-made pellets from a larger wholesaler. They then extrude the filament themselves, on machines that may not have the torque required to properly orientate the fibers within the polymer matrix, resulting in a lower-quality filament.

By contrast, leading manufacturers have decades of expertise in developing reinforced polymers – often for the injection molding industry. By applying that expertise to additive manufacturing, using the highest-quality fibers, coatings, and processes, they fine-tune their polymer matrixes and extrude them on industrial-grade machines. This results in a filament that more readily carries the mechanical properties you need over to your 3D printed part.

For example, composite filaments from Clariant include:

PA6/66-CF20
PA6/66-GF20
PA6/66-GF20 Flame Retardant using Exolit®
PC+ABS-GF15
PLA-HI-GF10

BASF's composite filaments include:

PAHT CF15
PET CF15
PP GF30

And Owens Corning's:

XSTRAND® GF30-PA6
XSTRAND® GF30-PP

Download predefined profiles from Ultimaker Cura to print composite materials with a high success rate — Download predefined composite material profiles from Ultimaker Marketplace for a plug-and-play 3D printing experience

Conclusion: Make an informed choice

All these composite filaments (and many more) are listed in the Ultimaker Cura Marketplace.

By downloading their predefined print profiles, you gain a plug-and-play 3D printing experience with the Ultimaker S5 Pro Bundle and Ultimaker S3 – without the need for trial-and-error. Plus, the materials’ descriptions and datasheet links make it easier to choose the right composite material for your application.

This means you can be more confident to achieve the mechanical properties and high-quality results you need – even with your first print.

And with a deeper understanding of how carbon or glass fibers are used to reinforce 3D printing filament, you can leverage the many benefits of composite materials for your own in-house production needs.

To access the Marketplace, download Ultimaker Cura for free here:

Download Ultimaker Cura

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In collaboration with the Delft University of Technology, one of our engineers has developed a technique to achieve grayscale printing using an Ultimaker 3. This enables users to print an object with varying tones using two colors.
- Applications
Library stories: A lot more is happening in the library than just borrowing books
In over two years of our 3D printing program at the Marin City Library, we've had great success. Our intention was to bring new technologies to a community that lacks access to resources that others take for granted.
- Applications
Are you ready to build a 3D printed T. rex with your class?
If there’s one topic guaranteed to excite students, it’s dinosaurs. In tandem with Ultimaker, Naturalis Biodiversity Center has created an exhilarating, interactive lesson plan, showing you how to build a T. rex skeleton in the classroom.
- Applications
Essential tools for every 3D printing professional
To get the best from your 3D printer, you need to be armed with the right tools for the job. From removing support material to improving build plate adhesion, here’s a list of must-have tools, all designed to make your life easier.
- Applications
Company update: Ultimaker files first patents
If it’s happening in Ultimaker’s world, you can find out about it here. 3D printing stories about inspiring moments, original 3D printed projects and much much more.
- News
Understanding firmware
What is firmware? What does it do? In this article, we'll clear things up and explain how firmware operates inside your Ultimaker printer and how to update it. Let's get started.
- Applications
Get started with Cura: Printing with two colors
Printing with two colors not only looks visually impressive but makes it easier to highlight aspects of your 3D printed model. Here’s a handy guide, explaining how to create a dual color print.
- Applications
Start your 3D printing lab in school
If it’s happening in Ultimaker’s world, you can find out about it here. 3D printing stories about inspiring moments, original 3D printed projects and much much more.
- Applications
Ultimaker 2+ and Ultimaker 2 Extended+ source files available
The Ultimaker brand is deeply rooted in our open source community. By sharing knowledge we will all ultimately have better products. The source files of the Ultimaker 2+ and Ultimaker 2 Extended+ are now available on GitHub.
- News
Inside Ultimaker: Meet Jeffrey Wijkhuisen
If it’s happening in Ultimaker’s world, you can find out about it here. 3D printing stories about inspiring moments, original 3D printed projects and much much more.
- News
Inside Ultimaker: Meet Jasper van Damme
Our Inside Ultimaker series is designed to provide a deeper look at our talent here at Ultimaker across a variety of different roles, teams, and experience levels. Today, the spotlight is on Jasper Van Damme.
- News
Inside Ultimaker: Meet Anouschka Wodrada
Ultimaker has a great team of people – who work together to make our company what it is: exciting, dynamic and forward-thinking. Our Inside Ultimaker series provides insight into our talented crew – across a range of different roles and skill-sets.
- News
Inside Ultimaker: Meet Marcel Buter
If it’s happening in Ultimaker’s world, you can find out about it here. 3D printing stories about inspiring moments, original 3D printed projects and much much more.
- News
Inside Ultimaker: Meet Jacqueline Vulto
Our Inside Ultimaker series offers the chance to hear from our team members and find out what it’s like to work with us. If you phone Ultimaker HQ, you’re likely to be greeted by a friendly voice. That’s Jacqueline Vulto, our amazing receptionist.
- News
Inside Ultimaker: Meet Lenneke de Penning
Our series, Inside Ultimaker, is designed to give you some insight into the people who work with us. Meet Lenneke de Penning, our assembly team leader, who leads our group of talented assembly operators; and ensures that our production line runs smoothly
- News
Inside Ultimaker: Meet Layla Smid
Every company needs a great team behind it – which is why we feel very fortunate to have so many talented, passionate people working with us. Our Inside Ultimaker series gives you the chance to meet our team and discover what it’s like to work here.
- News
Ultimaker wins print competition with SLA torture test
We're proud to announce that the Ultimaker 2 Go and Ultimaker 2+ won the first and second prize in the competition, proving that they're up to printing complex models originally designed for SLA printers.
- News
Ultimaker Original upgrades
We owe a lot to our trusty Ultimaker Original. It’s where our journey into 3D printing began and we’ll continue to support it well into the future, just as we know our wonderful community will.
- News
An introduction to the 3MF file format
If it’s happening in Ultimaker’s world, you can find out about it here. 3D printing stories about inspiring moments, original 3D printed projects and much much more.
- Trends
3D printed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) model
When we introduced the Ultimaker 2+ printers we asked popular modeler Jacky Wan, also known in the community as Valcrow, to create a model that would show off the new features of the Ultimaker 2+ line. He immediately came up with this beautiful model.
- Applications
Designing, 3D printing and painting the Fallout 4 Mini Nuke
Do you love Fallout 4? In this detailed walkthrough, you will find out how to make your own Fallout 4 Mini Nuke. It covers everything from designing the 3D models to post processing.
- Applications
Ultimaker Schooling - 3D printing
When preparing a print, choosing the right 3D printing profile makes a really big difference. To help give you the lowdown on 3D printing best practices we’ve combined the knowledge of our experts with our online knowledge base.
- Applications
Releasing our source files: the Ultimaker 2 Go and Extended are now available
If it’s happening in Ultimaker’s world, you can find out about it here. 3D printing stories about inspiring moments, original 3D printed projects and much much more.
- News
Sharing the Ultimaker Original+ files
If it’s happening in Ultimaker’s world, you can find out about it here. 3D printing stories about inspiring moments, original 3D printed projects and much much more.
- News
Transform your Ultimaker in a Pen Plotter
If it’s happening in Ultimaker’s world, you can find out about it here. 3D printing stories about inspiring moments, original 3D printed projects and much much more.
- Applications
3D Printed Ducati 1199 Superbike
If it’s happening in Ultimaker’s world, you can find out about it here. 3D printing stories about inspiring moments, original 3D printed projects and much much more.
- Applications
Painting 3D-printed models
Painting 3D-printed models is a great way of adding detail and production value to your models, often making the difference between a ‘cool print’ and a real piece of art.
- Applications
3D-printed lightsaber design philosophy and printing tips
For May the 4th, I designed a 3D printed lightsaber in commemoration of Star Wars day in collaboration with Ultimaker. In this guest blog I will explore some of the design nuances and share some tips.
- Applications

Glass vs. carbon fiber composites